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BPC-157 references and citations

Every numbered marker in this bulletin resolves here — the peer-reviewed BPC-157 studies and the FDA regulatory sources, each with a DOI, PubMed link, or official URL.

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How to read this register

These are the BPC-157 references behind this bulletin. Citations 1-10 are the peer-reviewed scientific record — the tendon, pharmacokinetic, angiogenesis, cytoprotection, NSAID-counteraction, and human-pilot studies. Citations 11-14 are the FDA and regulatory sources behind the BPC-157 legal status and 503A category page; every regulatory claim on this site is stated present-tense and cited to those sources. Each entry below carries a DOI or PubMed identifier where one exists, or the official FDA URL. The full list of markers used across the site is indexed in the references data island the assembler renders here.

  1. Staresinic M, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth. J Orthop Res. 2003;21(6):976-983. ↗
  2. He L, et al. Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of body-protective compound 157, a potential drug for treating various wounds, in rats and dogs. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1026182. ↗
  3. Hsieh MJ, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. J Mol Med (Berl). 2017;95(3):323-333. ↗
  4. Xue XC, et al. Protective effects of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on gastric ulcer in rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2004;10(7):1032-1037. ↗
  5. Ilic S, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and its effects on a NSAID toxicity model: diclofenac-induced gastrointestinal, liver, and encephalopathy lesions. Life Sci. 2011;88(11-12):535-542. ↗
  6. McGuire FP, et al. Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2025. ↗
  7. Lee E, Burgess K. Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2025. ↗
  8. Sikiric P, et al. Toxicity by NSAIDs. Counteraction by stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157. Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19(1):76-83. ↗
  9. Lee E, Walker C, Ayadi B. Effect of BPC-157 on Symptoms in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis: A Pilot Study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2024. ↗
  10. Lee E, Padgett B. Intra-Articular Injection of BPC 157 for Multiple Types of Knee Pain. Altern Ther Health Med. 2021. ↗
  11. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act (Category 1 and Category 2 definitions; January 7, 2025 interim-policy update). ↗
  12. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks (BPC-157 free base / BPC-157 acetate Category 2 entry; effective September 29, 2023). ↗
  13. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (agenda listing BPC-157, KPV, TB-500, and MOTs-C as substances being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List). ↗
  14. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Interim Policy on Compounding Using Bulk Drug Substances Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act (compounding access pathway: licensed-prescriber evaluation, valid prescription, 503A pharmacy or 503B outsourcing facility; ingredient-eligibility requirement). ↗